C.28.CM:4.3 - Propose mechanisms and serious alternatives

For each consequential relation, explain how changing a proposed cause could change its effect under the relevant conditions. Use the process arrangement, physical law, subject theory, observations or qualified source that supports that proposal. Mark a conjecture as such. A chronological sequence can suggest a mechanism while leaving common causes unresolved.

Construct a material alternative: another cause, a common influence, a recording difference, or a model in which the proposed direct influence is absent. Causes may coexist. An account of overload need not remove an effect of missing information. Keep the outcome and horizon comparable, and specify the same intervention in each model when that is the question.

A directed arrow X → Y represents a proposed direct causal influence in the chosen model. “Direct” is relative to the variables retained. Explain a consequential omitted influence as carefully as an included one: excluding it may be what makes the answer follow.

For an equation-based model, write the relevant mechanisms in a form such as Y=f(X,U), where U represents inputs left outside that mechanism. Specify shared inputs or their dependence when needed. A graph supplies qualitative restrictions; it does not supply an omitted functional form, effect size or disturbance law. Ask for these only when the receiving calculation needs them.