| A measure used for decision or control can corrupt the process it monitors. | Goodhart and Campbell indicator-pressure lines. | CurrentProxyUse distinguishes measure, target, incentive, gate, and release argument. |
| Proxy optimization has distinct failure modes. | Manheim/Garrabrant Goodhart variants and later proxy-failure work. | WhatGotWorse and protected qualities prevent a single proxy from standing for value. |
| Measures can replace the strategic construct in decision makers’ minds. | Management-accounting surrogation work by Choi, Hecht, Tayler, and later studies. | The proxy is never named as the value; the intended value is named first. |
| Optimizing an imperfect reward or specification can satisfy the formal signal while missing the intended outcome. | AI safety specification-gaming and reward-hacking work, including formal reward-hacking analyses and current reasoning-model specification-gaming evaluations. | Evaluation values, judge scores, and all-5 posture are treated as proxies that require value-slice and protected-quality checks. |
| Useful measures should be derived from goals and questions. | Goal-Question-Metric and GQM+Strategies measurement alignment. | E.13 asks for intended value/objective before proxy and asks which decision or work the proxy affects. |
| Human values require stakeholder and use-context inquiry, not only formal metrics. | Value Sensitive Design and value-oriented design lines. | The minimally viable value slice may include user, operator, manager, safety, or affected-stakeholder evidence when those values are live. |