EXD.5:11 - SoTA-Echoing

Fiorella, 2023 distinguishes explaining, visualizing and enacting as sense-making activities with different guidance needs. Adapt focused prompts, partial support and feedback to the relation to be generated. Production alone is not a guarantee of learning.

Zhang and Fiorella, 2024 supply error-specific self-explanation guidance: identify the wrong relation, explain the error and explain the corrected relation’s use. The second experiment’s analysis concerned 73 students who had made errors; correction and near-transfer benefits did not establish a far-transfer advantage. Carry the scaffold with that evidence boundary.

Tetzlaff et al., 2025 qualify assistance by prior knowledge and conditions across their meta-analysis. Keep support task-specific instead of prescribing universal fading. In the worked case, a denominator prompt discriminates the known error more directly than another general request to explain. Reopen if the actual product exposes a different missing relation or assistance need.