MATH.17:6 - Bias-Annotation

A familiar collection of “valid operations” can conceal an unproved closure claim. A familiar higher-order operation can conceal the choice of law used to combine its results. Work with the actual membership condition and proposed equation; the failing inputs in :5.1 and :5.2 locate those different errors.

The set-and-function route makes these questions accessible. A question involving topology, approximation, randomness or an alternative equality calls for the corresponding additional structure and argument.