MMP.15:2 - Problem

Several causal models can produce the same observable distribution and different intervention consequences. Selection adds another limitation: an experiment can identify an effect among its participants without identifying the effect in the receiving population.

The task is to determine whether the requested causal quantity follows from the available laws and stated assumptions. Failure to find an adjustment set is not failure of identification. Fitting, choosing a prior or simulating one compatible mechanism does not prove that all compatible models give the same answer.