MMP.19:2 - Problem

An intervention distribution describes results across the selected population. Information about an observed case can select different underlying conditions. Reusing the population distribution then answers another question.

There is also a difference between knowing each alternative’s distribution and knowing how their results correspond for the same unit. Two causal accounts can agree on every available observation and intervention yet disagree about whether this unit would have succeeded under both actions. Independent simulation of the two distributions silently chooses one such correspondence.

A pathway question adds another dependency: a variable may be set to the value it would have had under a different action. Substituting its population mean can erase the case relation that the question needs.