MMP.19:6 - Bias-Annotation

The explicit examples use finite inputs and simple structural functions. Their transparency helps inspect a comparison but does not show that such a causal account is obtainable for every subject. Subject ambiguity can remain after a numerical method computes a definite answer.

The same-unit relation is part of the model. Its appropriateness in a physical, organizational or human setting depends on what is held common and what each action changes. A purely numerical pairing can be useful for variance reduction while lacking the interpretation required by the causal question.