PHY.6:6 - Bias-Annotation

The examples use classical descriptions with explicit response laws. Their calculations are convenient for exposing balance, coupling and preparation. A stochastic, quantum or history-dependent response requires its own physical grounds and mathematical representation; the example equations do not supply those grounds.

Component descriptions can also make localized parts seem necessary. An account can instead describe a continuous medium through fields or many interacting constituents through collective variables. Choose the physical participants and the resolution of their description from the question.