Library / Problem Structuring and Decision Support Principles Framework
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Practical entries

Bring the question that is blocking useful work. The examples below show how an inquiry result changes the next comparison or recommendation, and how a changed premise can send that use back. They are not a catalogue or a required sequence. Use the pattern index or search when another question is live; an adequate direct result can finish the task. The Preface and its Architectural Rationale explain how the contributions fit together. You can ask an assisting agent: “Explain this and give me your comments in ordinary language, without framework jargon.”

If the useful future contribution itself is still unclear, enter Construct a Bounded Development Opportunity directly. You can construct an opportunity and stop at its next question without appointing an adviser. When a distinct performer must recommend a development direction to a recipient, use the advising profile or the second example below.

PSD-CARD-01 — Turn a contested situation into a usable recommendation

  • Situation: A municipal committee needs advice on a pre-season pumping arrangement. Operations staff emphasize capacity, residents raise unequal protection, and responders question safe access and deployment.
  • Question: What can the inquiry recommend while preserving those differences and the committee’s investment authority?
  • First useful result or blocker: Attributed formulations and a usable inquiry boundary; then a conditional comparison whose omissions remain visible in the recommendation.
  • Start with: PSD.1 for the receiving question and authority boundary. If these are adequate, enter at the missing participation, formulation, model or comparison result.
  • Stop or return: Return the supported advice or its limitation through PSD.13. Reopen the dependent model, alternative, scope or recommendation when a material concern or premise changes. The committee retains the later choice.

The constructed flood-pump application begins with an independent inquiry team preparing a return for the committee. PSD.2 discovers affected people and concerns beyond those able to attend. PSD.3 preserves different formulations: insufficient capacity, unequal protection, fragile maintenance and unsafe deployment. Their consequences inform the PSD.4 boundary: compare the pre-season pumping arrangements while keeping material downstream effects and mobility constraints visible. Long-term relocation remains outside this inquiry.

That boundary changes the modeling question. PSD.5 keeps nominal pumping capacity separate from whether people can reach assistance and whether a mobile pump can arrive when roads fail. PSD.6 compares a capacity-only calculation with a bounded combination of attributed inquiry and conditional technical analysis. The combination is useful only if its contributions can be obtained and their subjects, conditions and meanings can be joined. PSD.7 lets participants correct the claim “the pumps protect the district”: a capacity result does not answer the separate access question. A concern map supplies questions for comparison, not numerical weights.

PSD.8 retains the current arrangement, fixed pumps, mobile pumps and a still-incomplete staged direction. The following slice compares only fixed and mobile pumps. Its loss and cost figures are illustrative units, not measured impacts or a complete investment account.

AlternativeLoss with normal roadsLoss with road access lostCost
Fixed pumps238
Mobile pumps195

With an assumed road-loss probability p and cost weight λ, the illustrative lower-is-better scores are 2 + p + 8λ and 1 + 8p + 5λ. PSD.9 keeps the trade-off premise separate from protected conditions; PSD.10 retains the missing basis for p. PSD.11 supplies the comparison, and PSD.12 exposes its reversal: fixed pumps score lower when 7p > 1 + 3λ. At λ = 0.5, mobile pumps score lower for p = 0.2, but fixed pumps do for p = 0.6. Neither input is established for the committee’s decision by this calculation.

The PSD.13 return therefore retains the conditional comparison while withholding a whole-investment ranking. Access, assistance and protection conditions remain unqualified; the baseline and staged direction were not disposed of by the two-row calculation. A further result is requested through A.15.9 only if its obtainable contribution warrants the burden. Even resolving road access would not by itself settle the value trade-off.

Suppose the committee authorizes a study, and a qualified source then establishes that mobile deployment is unavailable during the required window. PSD.14 returns to the mobile alternative and its consequence premises; this is not a reason to insert a convenient value of p. Preserve the earlier conditional calculation as such, but do not use it as the current investment basis. If a newly affected group reveals an omitted consequence, return to the boundary as well. Study authorization still leaves pump procurement to its own decision.

PSD-CARD-02 — Recommend a development direction without taking the choice

  • Situation: A separate advisory team must recommend a ninety-day reliability direction for a service organization: internal development, an external provider or a mixed human–AI arrangement.
  • Question: Which direction or information-gaining step do the available premises support, and which claims remain conditional?
  • First useful result or blocker: A retained set with its comparison limit, or a supported direction or bounded probe recommendation when the missing premises become available.
  • Start with: PSD.1 for the engagement; then use PSD.8–PSD.13 at the first missing result. The profile and development-direction application supply the connected account and its other holder cases.
  • Stop or return: Give the supported advice with its material limits. Use PSD.14 for a real changed-premise or follow-up question, preserving independent claims. The authorized chooser decides whether to commit or probe.

In the constructed organization case, the committee has the stated mandate, and the advisory service’s competence, confidentiality and conflict conditions are met. Reliability takes priority over throughput; security, critical-service continuity and a bounded probe budget are protected. The operating account identifies the recovery contribution, an interface account describes the current arrangement, and a priority statement supplies the receiving value. These inputs help define the PSD.8 alternatives, but none compares all three whole arrangements.

The first PSD.13 return retains internal development, the provider and the mixed arrangement, and states that their whole-arrangement comparison is missing for this recovery result and horizon. Inspect an adequate existing specialist result before commissioning another. Through the profile’s A.15.9 return, request the bounded comparison only when its attainable contribution warrants the complete acquisition burden. The supplier chooses how to produce its result; the adviser retains the recommendation question.

Now add qualified arrangement and security results that cover all three directions. They exclude the specified provider because it cannot preserve the security boundary; internal development remains feasible. A separately qualified probe proposal specifies the remaining question, distinguishing observations, feasible resources, exposure and stops. Compared with immediate commitment, it supports obtaining that information at bounded cost. Using the needed value, uncertainty, consequence and robustness results from PSD.9–PSD.12, PSD.13 can recommend considering that probe first while retaining internal development. Those additional premises support the stronger return. They establish neither a throughput effect nor permission to perform the probe.

For a later probe of AI configuration A, PSD.14 needs a viable arrangement: an owner can report material changes, competent suppliers can interpret them, and the committee can receive the consequence in time. If observations now concern configuration B while the evaluation still covers A, block advice to extend or deploy B pending the premises needed for that use. Keep the earlier advice about A and an independently supported internal-development claim. An observation notice does not itself choose an operational fallback or revoke permission.

The human branch makes a different missing premise visible. An engineer considering evidence review and interface coordination may have permitted access to review material, yet lack a basis for independent capability and transfer; coordination practice and feedback may also be unavailable. Retain the conditional opportunities. Neither course attendance nor the organization’s arrangement comparison supplies those human development results.

PSD-ENTRY-03 — Find what is wrong when the report is on time

  • Situation: Weekly reports arrive on time, yet the planner must telephone colleagues to recover identifiers before using them.
  • Question: Is the difficulty incomplete information, incompatible identifiers, an unsuitable deadline, or a misleading record?
  • First useful result or blocker: Distinct formulations with an observation that could separate them, or the exact missing fact that prevents stating what is wrong.
  • Start with: PSD.3 to compare the formulations. If the discrepancy is already understood and only a recording correction is needed, make that correction through the responsible practice.
  • Stop or return: Stop when the formulation and available facts suffice for the current question. Open a causal-model question only when different explanations change the next useful action; return to the formulation if a check changes what was actually wrong.

The report-handoff application follows that conditional continuation: causal alternatives can inform a bounded answer, while missing evidence, a recipient’s objection or later observations can change it. A diagnostic check, temporary operational help and research answer different questions and may occur at the same time.