| Qualification and action | A decision needs bounded support, not complete knowledge, while an unsupported premise can make action indefensible. |
| Probability and ignorance | Probabilities can represent uncertainty well when justified, while invented distributions hide model disagreement or lack of knowledge. |
| Reduction and relevance | More information may narrow an estimate without changing any available decision. |
| Shared evidence and corroboration | Several sources can provide distinct support or merely repeat the same data and assumptions. |
| Stable comparison and changing conditions | Alternatives need a compatible basis, while source, holder, and environment changes can invalidate that basis. |