SYSE.10:4.3 - What Changes in Practice

Engineers stop asking whether a model is validated or a test passed in the abstract. They ask which claim about which configuration is supported for which use, which nearby claim remains unsupported, and how the decision changes.

Different inputs change different parts of the decision. For example, a theory can generate an alternative, a heuristic can guide search, a simulation result can reject an infeasible region, a failed trial can expose an interface assumption, and an operating observation can reopen a model-use claim. Each input keeps its governed kind and epistemic status. Additional evidence is obtained only after an authorized Agent chooses the probe or experiment design under the applicable Method.