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SYSE.1:11 - SoTA-Echoing

Current practice lineWhat changes in this patternSource and useAdoption status
Design framing treats what matters to a design problem as revisable while problem and solution understanding develop together.The Solution makes the project-system choice revisable and requires the use, assumptions, and contextual relations behind it.Kelly and Gero (2022), Litster, Cardoso, and Hurst (2024), and Nickel, Hurst, and Duimering (2024). These conceptual and small empirical studies support explicit framing and revision, not one framing ontology or universal Method.Adopt and bound. Adopt co-development and contextual comparison; reject an algorithmic or consensus-made designation.
Set-based design retains alternatives while learning can change feasibility or trade-offs.The Solution asks for materially different referents and preserves valuable alternatives when the decision needs them.Toche, Pellerin, and Fortin (2020) review the set-based line; Al Handawi et al. (2024) demonstrate margin-based exploration in one aeroengine-component case.Adapt. Retain alternatives and narrow them by evidence; let the receiving project determine candidate count and decision choreography.
Decision making under deep uncertainty uses robust alternatives, staged commitments, monitoring, and revision rather than prediction alone.The first account carries an unresolved assumption and a reopen condition; later evidence can change the choice.Haasnoot et al. (2013), Marchau et al. (2019), Lempert et al. (2024), and Akse (2024), mainly in climate, infrastructure, policy, and sociotechnical-transition settings.Adapt. Use staged commitment and explicit reopening; let the receiving project establish its scenarios, thresholds, triggers, and decision Method.
Entrepreneurial-action research treats available means, commitments, contingencies, prediction, and judgement as context-dependent complements.Candidate generation may use available Systems and commitments without treating them as proof of the project referent or of success.Chen, Liu, and Chen (2021), Zhang et al. (2023), and Rapp, Olbrich, and Packard (2026). Meta-analytic associations and conceptual synthesis do not establish one causal engineering Method.Adapt narrowly. Keep contingent action and revision as candidate pressure; leave business and Strategy decisions with their practices.

These sources support comparing and revising project focus. Actual System recognition uses the FPF U.System criterion. Choosing an actual System or intended referent for the project uses the project’s decision and case facts, as in the pump, ERP, and building cases above.