C.28:2 - Problem

Three kinds of collapse can produce causal overclaim:

1. Rung collapse: observation, intervention, and counterfactual comparison are treated as the same question.
2. Support collapse: data regime, identification, estimation, direct sampling, and simulation are treated as one alternative-valued “basis”.
3. Authority collapse: an evidential conclusion is treated as publication, choice, deployment, fairness, or assurance authority.

C.28 keeps those distinctions visible while allowing a cheap stop.