| “The score is low, so train the skill” | The score does not identify the required contribution, where the person has difficulty, or the rival explanations. | Recover the later-Work account and compare decision-changing branches. |
| “They know it when prompted, so the problem is solved” | Reference recovery does not establish unaided applicability, adaptation, enactment, or transfer. | Record the qualified differential and probe the earliest unresolved position. |
| “They missed twice, so capability was lost” | Small, configuration-bound evidence cannot eliminate support, prompt, envelope, or measurement rivals. | Preserve uncertainty and any still-plausible rival; narrow or return the target. |
| “Motivation is the cause” | Naming motivation supplies neither an observation of change nor a causal explanation. | Specify the proposed target and observe it. A claim that an intervention changed it and thereby changed a later result needs grounds for both links. |
| “The AI made the error” or “the human made the error” | The joint Method, prompt, source, review, and authority arrangement is hidden. | Separate contributions and use a crossed or otherwise discriminating condition where safe. |
| “A clinical technique is just another learning intervention” | HCD lacks diagnosis, treatment, provider, consent, safety, and clinical outcome authority. | Return the case to qualified clinical ownership and retain only a legitimate non-clinical Work question. |
| “The target is practice” | Practice is an activity intended to produce a change; it does not identify the person’s difficulty. | Name the difficulty making the required contribution, what must change, and the observation that would show that change. |
| “Diagnosis chooses the programme” | A target is evidence for a later decision, not a programme or authorization. | Keep programme comparison (HCD.2) separate; stop at the target or non-training return. |