Library / Operations Management Principles Framework
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OPS.10:3 - Forces

ForcePractical tension
utilization and timely serviceKeeping a resource busy can consume the slack needed to absorb a burst or recover.
simple estimates and changing conditionsA mean estimate is cheap; its validity can disappear when mix, timing or availability changes.
pooling and capabilityShared time can help only where the resource can perform the required service under its conditions.
capacity and reversibilityExtra capacity can be costly or slow to obtain; scheduling and batch changes can be cheaper but have their own consequences.
explicit reserve and apparent wasteUnused capacity can look inefficient while protecting a specified response or recovery scenario.