OPS.9:2 - Problem

Local speed and utilization are easy to observe. The causal relation to accepted operating results is harder. An improvement can halve touch time while leaving completion unchanged because work still waits for acceptance, a complementary input or another resource.

The opposite error demands a complete causal model before making any useful decision. A small feasibility bound, a discriminating observation or a reversible probe can sometimes rule out a proposed treatment at much lower effort.