OPS.9:6 - Bias-Annotation

Bias	How it misdirects treatment	Countermeasure
busy-resource attribution	High utilization becomes the causal explanation.	Relate usable capacity and timing to the accepted-result shortfall.
queue-length attribution	Visible waiting is treated as sufficient proof of the constraint.	Test eligibility, arrivals, returns and a serious rival.
preferred-solution bias	Automation, hiring or acquisition is selected before diagnosis.	State a defeater and compare a treatment that acts on another plausible mechanism.
before/after confidence	Coincident changes are attributed to the intervention.	Preserve comparison conditions and account for interference and confounding.
permanent-bottleneck identity	Attention remains on a resource after conditions change.	Remeasure the current limiting relation and accepted result.