PSD.3:6 - Bias-Annotation
Scope: plural problem formulation for one bounded decision-support inquiry. Lenses: Gov keeps framing influence and later choice authority distinct; Arch exposes how formulations change dependent results; Onto/Epist separates the situation, formulation, claims, evidence, and causal hypotheses; Prag requires material difference and a stopping rule; Did provides ordinary-language contrasts before formal models.
| Recurring bias | Likely drift | Repair |
|---|---|---|
| sponsor-frame bias | The opening brief becomes the only formulation. | Externalize it with sources and exclusions, then seek structural contrasts. |
| vocabulary bias | Synonyms are counted as plurality. | Require a changed boundary, evidence need, intervention family, value, or receiving-use consequence. |
| consensus bias | Participants must agree on one wording before inquiry. | Retain incompatible formulations and name their downstream differences. |
| causality bias | A framing hypothesis is reported as the cause. | State mechanism, support, uncertainty, and falsifying or narrowing evidence. |
| option leakage | Problem formulations become preselected solutions. | State intervention families as consequences of a frame, not proven answers. |
| endless-reframing bias | Every possible perspective stays live. | Stop when added formulations no longer change the named use enough to justify cost. |