PSD.4:1 - Problem frame

Every formulation makes a cut. It foregrounds some participants, Systems, concerns, causal or modal paths, operating conditions, time horizons, evidence, and intervention families while leaving others outside. In ill-structured situations those cuts are often contested and revisable rather than simply discovered.

The primary concern is not to find the one true perimeter. It is to choose and expose a boundary adequate for one receiving use while preserving the exclusions and observations that could require revision. Recognition can begin with one plausible boundary reversal. Consequential inclusion, exclusion, relation, harm, authority, legal, ethical, safety, or factual claims retain their direct assurance.